UPSC Prelims Comprehensive Notes Library

Polity & Governance (Syllabus Topics)

Evolution of the Constitution

The Company Rule (1773-1858)

Regulating Act, 1773 Pitt's India Act, 1784 & Amending Acts Charter Acts (1793, 1813, 1833, 1853)

The Crown Rule (1858-1947)

Government of India Act, 1858 Indian Councils Acts (1861, 1892, 1909) GoI Act, 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms) Government of India Act, 1935 Indian Independence Act, 1947

Drafting and Sources of Indian Constitution

Making of the Constitution (Committees and Milestones) - **Sample Notes Available** Sources of Indian Constitution (Seminal, External, Developmental)

History & Culture (Syllabus Topics)

Ancient History

Pre Historic Times (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic) Indus Valley Civilization (IVC Geography, Town Planning, Decline) - **Sample Notes Available** Rig Vedic and Later Vedic Period (Polity, Society, Economy, Religion) - **Sample Notes Available** Jainism and Buddhism (Life, Teachings, Councils, Decline) Mahajanapadas Period & Early Dynasties (Magadha, Persian/Alexander Invasions) Mauryan Empire (Sources, Ashoka's Dhamma, Administration, Decline) Post-Mauryan India (Satavahanas, Foreign Dynasties, Schools of Art) Gupta Period & Harshavardhana (Administration, Science & Tech, Literature) Sangam Period (Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas, Sangam Literature)

Medieval India

Major Dynasties (750-1200 AD): Palas, Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas (Tripartite Struggle) Cholas and Other South Indian Kingdoms (Administration, Society, Culture) Early Muslim Invasions (Arab Conquest of Sindh, Mahmud of Ghazni, Muhammad Ghori) The Delhi Sultanate (Dynasties, Administration, Urbanization, Decline) Mughal Empire (Babur, Humayun, Sher Shah, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan) Climax and Crisis of the Mughal Empire (Aurangzeb, Marathas, Jagirdari Crisis) Vijayanagar Empire (Political History, Administration, Conflict with Bahmani)

Modern History

The Advent of Europeans (Portuguese, Dutch, English, French, Carnatic Wars) British Expansion in India (Bengal, Anglo-Maratha/Sikh Wars, Subsidiary Alliance, Doctrine of Lapse) Administration before 1857 & Economic Policies (Dual System, Land Revenue Systems) The Revolt of 1857 (Causes, Leaders, Failure, Impact) Socio-Religious Reforms (Hindu, Muslim, Parsi, Sikh Movements & Personalities) Indian National Movement - I (Moderates, Extremists, Partition of Bengal, Swadeshi) Indian National Movement - II (Gandhian Era: Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, Quit India) Constitutional Development in India (Regulating Act to Indian Independence Act)

Indian Economy (Syllabus Topics)

Basic Concepts & Measurements

Macroeconomic & Microeconomic Concepts (Sectors, Types of Economies) National Income Concepts & Methods (GDP, GFCF, New Series 2011-12) Inflation (Types, Causes, Measures: CPI, WPI, Core Inflation) Economic Growth & Development (MDGs, PQLI, Green Accounting)

Money, Banking, and Finance

Money Function and Classification ($\text{M}_1$, $\text{M}_3$, Digital Money, New Monetary Aggregates) RBI (Functions, Monetary Policy, Monetary Policy Committee) - **Sample Notes Available** Banking Structure & Reforms (PSBs, RRBs, Differentiated Banks, Basel Norms) Financial Market and its Instruments (Money Market, Capital Market, Stock Exchanges) Public Finance & Taxation (Budgeting, Deficit, GST, DTC, Finance Commission)

External Sector and Planning

Planning (Objectives, Strategies: Harrod-Domar, Nehru-Mahalanobis, NITI Aayog) Foreign Trade & Balance of Payments (FDI, FII, FERA, FEMA, Exchange Rate) International Organizations (IMF, World Bank, WTO, Regional Trade Blocs) Economic Sectors (Poverty, Employment, Welfare Schemes, Committees)

Geography (Syllabus Topics)

General and Physical Geography

Universe & Earth Evolution (Theories, Solar System, Latitude/Longitude, Eclipses) Geomorphology (Earth's Interior, Rocks, Endogenic/Exogenic Forces) Distribution of Continents & Oceans (Continental Drift, Sea Floor Spreading, Plate Tectonics) Landforms and their evolution (Water, Wind, Glaciers, Ground Water) Oceanography (Submarine Relief, Temperature, Salinity, Waves, Currents, Tides) Atmosphere and Climate (Composition, Structure, Insolation, Heat Budget) Winds and Pressure belts (Planetary Winds, General Circulation, Jet Stream) Air Mass, Fronts, Cyclones (Tropical, Temperate, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes) Precipitation (Water Vapour, Humidity, Clouds, Types of Rainfall) Climatic Zones of the World (Koppen's Classification)

Indian and Economic Geography

Physiography of India (Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Coasts) Drainage System (Himalayan & Peninsular: Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra Systems) Climate & Monsoon (Factors, Mechanism, El Nino/La Nina, Seasonal Rhythm) Soils in India & Natural Vegetation (Types, Erosion, Conservation, Mangroves) Population & Settlement (Growth, Distribution, Urbanization, Census 2011) Mineral & Energy Resources (Distribution, Production: Coal, Petroleum, Atomic Energy) Agriculture (Cropping Seasons/Patterns, Land Use, Schemes, Productivity of Crops) Industry (Iron & Steel, Textile, Engineering, Industrial Regions) World Regional Geography (Continents, Location in News, Regional Groupings)

Environment & Ecology (Syllabus Topics)

Environmental Ecology & Ecosystem

Basic Concepts of Ecology (Hierarchy, Niche, Principles, Succession) Ecosystem Dynamics (Energy Flow, Trophic Levels, Food Web, Ecological Pyramids) Population Ecology & Adaptation (Growth Models, Species Types: Keystone, Indicator, Invasive) Terrestrial & Aquatic Ecosystems (Forests, Grasslands, Tundra, Marine, Coral Reefs) Nutrient Cycling (Biogeochemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus)

Biodiversity & Conservation

Biodiversity (Types, Patterns, Hotspots, Threats: Evil Quartet, Extinction) - **Sample Notes Available** Conservation (In-situ, Ex-situ: Protected Areas, Biosphere Reserves, Zoological Parks) Estuaries, Mangroves, Coral Reefs, & Wetlands (Ramsar Convention) Resource Degradation & Management (Land, Forest, Soil, Water, Energy Resources)

Pollution & Climate Change

Environmental Pollution (Air, Water, Marine, Noise, Radioactive, Thermal, Waste Management) Climate Change (Global Warming, Impact: Acid Rain, El Nino, Ozone Depletion) - **Sample Notes Available** Mitigation & Governance (Acts, Policies, EIA, UNFCCC, Kyoto, Paris, International Bodies)

Science & Technology (Syllabus Topics)

S&T in India & Space

Policy Development of S&T in India (Policies 1958-2013, Technology Vision 2035) Different Organization/Institution for S&T (DST, CSIR, Technology Development Board) Space Research Programme (Orbits, Launch Vehicles, GSLV, PSLV, Cryogenic) Satellites, Launch Vehicles & Missions (IRS, INSAT, Chandrayaan, MOM, IRNSS, GAGAN)

IT, Nano, Robotics & Defense

IT and Communication (E-Governance, Digital India, Cyber Security, Net Neutrality, Block Chain) Nano Technology & Robotics (Basics, Applications, Carbon Nanotube, Graphene, AI, Laws of Robotics) Defence Technology (Missile systems, IGMDP, Prithvi, Agni, Brahmos, Submarines, AWACS) Nuclear Technology (Fission, Fusion, 3-Stage Programme, Reactors, Safety Standards) IPR (Copyrights, Trademarks, Patents, Industrial Design)

Biotechnology & General Science

Biotechnology (Genetics, Recombinant DNA, Biofuels, Animal/Plant BT, Recent Developments) - **Sample Notes Available** General Science: Biology (Cells, Genetics, Evolution, Diseases, Economic Zoology)

General Current Affairs (Compilations)

Monthly compilations and summaries of major national and international events relevant for Prelims.

Monthly Compilations

January 2025 Current Affairs (Summary) February 2025 Current Affairs (Summary) Annual Compilation 2024-25 (Comprehensive)